Gottfried Leibniz
distinguished between two kinds of true propositions: the truths of reason (a priori) and the
truths of fact (empiric). Being a rationalist, he claims that while the truths
of fact are purely circumstantial, the primary truths of reason are fixated in
the logical structure of all possible worlds, thus being the basic truths. From
the empirical point of view, however, the truths of reason should be initial,
and the axioms (the truths of reason) should be inducted from them. Leibniz
states that the truths of fact are always formulated with the help of logical structures;
therefore, feelings themselves are unable to ensure the existence of sensual
things. Thus, only reason can be the source of veracity.
Argument
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Counterargument
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Rebuttal
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The truths of reason are the basic truths.
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The truths of reason should be initial, and the truths
of reason should be inducted from them.
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The truths of fact are always formulated with the
help of logical structures; therefore, feelings themselves are unable to
ensure the existence of sensual things.
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