Classification Paragraph. Marta Pasiuk

Personalism in Europe can be divided into three main schools: Paris, Munich, and Lublin. Paris school of personalism was based around journal "Esprit" founded by Emmanuel Mounier. The most famous representatives of this school are  Gabriel Marcel, Denis de Rougemont, Jacques Maritain, and Paul Ricoeur. Another school was based in Munich and was related with such well-known philosopher as Edmund Husserl and his doctrine-phenomenology. And the third European personalistic school in Lublin includes works of the Husserl's student Roman Ingarden and Karol Wojtyła, who eventually became a Pope.

References: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Contrast and Comparison Paragraph. Marta Pasiuk

Personalism vs. Marxism

Historians of philosophy may find the subject of Marxism and Personalism very interesting for their work. Historically, Marxism as a philosophical school was based before Personalism and had a big influence on it. One of their main ideas is the idea about "involved" existence. But Marxism ignores the inner life of a man, his individual and collective destiny. While Personalism underscores the centrality of the inner life of a man as the primary locus of investigation for philosophical, theological, and humanistic studies. Another feature of Marxism is that the subject is perceived as the subject of industrial activity. Personalistic concept mainly has an attempt to link the concept of labor with self-manifestation of the personality, fulfilling themselves as the subject of moral, aesthetic, religious, and spiritual activities. Both Personalism and Marxism consider the revolution necessary, but they talk about different revolutions. For Marxism the revolution would concern only social structures. And for Personalism the revolution is a personal revolution “in the heart of revolutionaries”. These two schools of the twentieth century have much in common and a lot of dissimilar and are an interesting topic for research.

Contrast and Comparison paragraph. Igor Bigun

Electronic Readers vs Printed Books

Now a bibliophile has to choose between buying an electronic reading device or being loyal to good old books. But one needs to weigh all pros and cons of each option.

The main advantage of electronic readers is their ability to store hundreds of books in their memory. An owner can keep the whole library in such device which is no bigger than a notebook.  It is easy to transport and any information is right to hand.  Scanned books are available for download on the Internet, so the reader can save money and time for visiting bookstores. Besides, printed books have limited number of copies, and electronic books can be copied endlessly. With the spread of e-readers less wood would be spent for producing paper. 

On the other hand a printed book is ready to use per se. It does not need electricity batteries for it to be read. Unlike electronic book a paper one can be a valuable gift. But nobody would present an electronic file on somebody’s birthday. Printed books are irreplaceable information source for small children. Children would not understand how to deal with complicated electronics with small black and white pictures. Richly illustrated books are vital for intellectual development of children. Contrary to fragile e-readers which are expensive to fix, a paper book is a reliable container for data.

In  digital era e-readers will win more and more part of reading society. But printed books have their stable niche which will not let them disappear.

Contrast and Comparison paragraph. By Iuliia Gorodyska

Contrast comparison paragraph. By Iuliia Gorodyska

Subsidiarity vs. Centralization

The principle of subsidiarity is an idea that emerged from Catholic thought and widely opposes the idea of centralization of power. These two organizing principles differ in three main aspects, namely (a) proximity principle, (b) participation possibility, and (c) civic control possibility.

(a) Subsidiarity tenet invokes that decisions should be made by lowest, smallest, and least celtralized competent authority, which suggests that the body solving the problem is directly aware of it and is able to act immediately, without waiting for admission from a higher authority. Unlike subsidiarity, idea of centralization argues that the central authority is competent to solve all problems and has the vision of development of the country, so every problem should be addressed to the central government to get its approvements to act.

(b) Subsidiarity argues further that it gives an opportunity for citizens to influence the decisions made on the local levels, as the local authorities are smaller and their competencies are limited, they pay attention to citizens' opinion. In contrast, centralization directs decision making of all problems on the high level where one competent body is responsible for proper functioning of the state. That means that the right of participation in public affairs of citizens is unlikely to be realized.

(c) Subsidiarity gives to citizens one more privilege, offering the civic control possibilities. As the problems are made by the lowest authority, the responsible for the decision are more easy to find, so they can be always controlled and must be transparent in their decisions. However, centralization means that decisions made by the central government are closed, so that neither the process of decision making can be supervised, nor the responsible for decisions are known, which significantly limits control of civic society.

Both principles of organization of power exist nowadays, and people in every state have the right to choose the way they want to devide the state power.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Shapran Yana

Vacationing at the Beach or in the Mountains

People are always looking forward to their vacation period. There are many options where to choose, for example beaches and mountains which differ for climate, types of activities and their locations. The mountains, at first, have a cold climate and it is the first barrier to enjoying them. Nevertheless, the climate and the temperature of these zones also determine the types of activities they offer: snowboarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are the most common activities people may enjoy when going to the mountains. There is a variety of regions that have mountains where people can go and have a vacation. The beaches, on the other hand, have a warm climate, which  is one of the most important features that the beaches posses. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beaches.The sea and the warm climate determine the activities that are available at the beaches: swimming, sunbathing, playing volleyball, playing soccer, and riding water bikes. Furthermore, in most coastal sites, there are discos and restaurants to dance and party throughout the night.  People often choose one of these two options to spend their vacations. Depending on what the person likes one will choose the most appropriate variant. 

Contrast and Comparison Paragraph. Domashchenko Mariia

Theories of action: Rational Theory VS Normative Theory

There have been produced so many sociological theories that sometimes a scientist has to decide the best framework to use. For example, both rational and normative theories of action consider how people decide what to do, and how to do something. Their main difference is in the way the action is explained. While the rational theory claims that people choose what is the most effective and useful to them, the normative theory contends that people always act according to the norms of the society they live in. Moreover, from the first point of view, people influence and change the society, as well as the society influences and changes them; whereas from the second point of view, only society has impact on people. Finally, the theories also are different in the 'blind areas', the areas which can't be explained. The rational theory, for instance, can't explain irrational (useless and inefficient) actions; on the other hand, the normative theory can't explain creative actions, such as innovations. Thus, the abovementioned theories of action have more differences than simmilarities, which must be considered by a sociologist searching for the best framework.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Nedoboi Sergii

Social networks are the big part of people’s life nowadays. A person has to make a choice of a network platform before to start a virtual communication. Both Vkontakte and Facebook are global social networks and both of them are popular in Ukraine. Even though they look similar, the differences are tangible. Vkontakte has not as large audience (170 mln users) as Facebook (900 mln user). Vkontakte has a great amount of audio and video files which can be easily shared between users or downloaded on a personal hard drive; however Facebook has no media files on a server and users can only share links on another content platforms. Vkontakte has a handy mobile application; on the other hand, Facebook has a complicated mobile version which needs a simplification. These simple steps of comparison can be useful for a new user to choose a social network as smartphones and tabs are getting popular and everyone wants to be online.          

Contrast&comparison paragraph. Olha Vynohradova

       According to paleoanthropology, modern humans belong to the genus Homo, as well as their earlier now-extinct species. Most of them, including Australophitecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis, have been proposed as the direct ancestors of the Homo sapiens (modern human). Homo neanderthalensis is considered to be the closest relative of the earliest Homo sapiens but it is accepted that he was not involved in the evolution of modern humans. Both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens are hominids, but some of their features are different. Cranial capacity is the main difference between Neanderthal and Sapiens, where the first had 1100 – 1700 cm³ and the second–1500-2000 cm³. Cranial capacity is important not only for indicating potential intelligence of those species, but also for showing their special abilities, like Neanderthal`s life in a colder environment. The further portion of differences is connected with facial cranium. Homo neanderthalensis had big face, great nose, superciliary relief, receding chin, and prominent jaw; whereas Homo sapiens is known for his high cranium, developed frontal lobes, prominent chin that indicates development of speech, and rather smaller facial features compared to Neanderthal. The stature of Homo neanderthalensis was stubby and broad with great prominent thorax that was due to the cold climate where he lived. On the other hand, Homo sapiens had delicate stature as modern humans. Nevertheless, both of them had similar height, which was 160-170 cm. Described distinctions are essential for current discussion about the role of Neanderthal in anthropogenesis.  

(According to Segeda 137-150 and Sytnyk 80,107)

References:
Segeda, Sergii. Anthropology. Kyiv: Lybid`, 2009. Print.
Sytnyk, Olexandr. Cultural anthropology: human and society origins. Lviv: Lviv polytechnic press, 2012. Print.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Mogilnyy Roman

After studying Public Relations, students have to decide where to work. Mostly there is a choice between a PR agency and a PR department. Working in a PR agency gives a newcomer a possibility to work in different spheres and to understand which one oneself prefers. Within a PR department working is limited with only one sphere without any variety. PR agency may prepare a PR-manager with wide knowledge without one target sphere. On the other hand, PR department prepares a professional in one exact sphere. Every firm’s conditions should be taken into consideration while being a PR agency worker. There is only one firm state to work with in a PR department. The main principle is that the work goes faster in a PR agency. On average PR department working process has a low pace. Everything written above is recommended to be taken into account, while choosing a place to work.

Classification paragraph. By Iuliia Gorodyska

Classification paragraph. By Iuliia Gorodyska

Subsidiarity levels 

           Subsidiarity is a principle that is broadly concerned with the limits of the right and duty of the public authority to intervene in social and economic affairs (1). In member states of the European Union, this tenet is invoked to argue the the public affairs can be solved on three main levels: the European Union level, the national, or state level, and the local, or communal level. The European Union level competencies are the issues of common policies of member states, such as economic, fiscal, or energy policies, each of which must be coordinated in the central European authority. On the national level central governments of the states decide upon affairs that concern, for instance, taxation, military, or medicine. Finally, the rights and duties of local authorities include issues regarding, for example, choice of places to host a city celebration, cleaning of city streets or maintaining of parks. So, the idea of subsidiarity suggest that the problems can effectively be solved only at the possibly lowest level.

      1. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Access on January 24, 2013. 

      http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3407710738/subsidiarity.html

 Comparison and contrast. Oliinyk Kateryna 

The articles related to the problem of ‘form’ and ‘contents’ have been published during the literary discussion of 1925-1927 in Ukraine. The leaders of the debates – artists community “VAPLITE” and Russian formalists despite their difference had a lot in common. This circumstance require our further attention. First of all, members of both circles insisted on the separation of the literary studies to a particular science. On the other hand, throughout the interchange of perspectives, the fellows of “VAPLITE” kept the idea of attraction the biographic and psychological methods for analyzing text. In contrast to the Ukrainian artists the Russian ones protested against any unliterary background in their studies. However, the fellows of “VAPLITE” adopted formalists’ set of instruments. The main point of Russian artists was the rejection of the usual ‘form-and-content’ opposition; the Ukrainian scientists accented on this likewise. So, to mind the whole context of literary studies development in the 20-ies of the past century, both formalists and the fellows of “VAPLITE” should be taken into account.

Сomparison and Contrast Paragraph. Ivanna Voitsekhovych

One of the bases of structuralism is the distinction between language and speech. Unlike language, which is some abstract substance, speech is actual material that is used in everyday communication. Language has social character, it is single for everybody; however, speech is absolutely individual, every speaker creates his own. While language is passive ready-made product, speech is active process. Though language and speech are indissolubly connected, they have significant differences.

Сomparison and Contrast Paragraph. Musina Valentyna

According to the people’s basic need in the safe place of residence, during the civilization progress humanity created a huge range of different types of dwelling; meanwhile, on the modern stage the most popular among them became the block of flats and, on the other hand, the private house. Nevertheless, nowadays the choice between these comfort zones is a cornerstone for a plenty of families. For one thing, unlike the block of flats, the private house creates isolated environment by constructing fences from public space. On the other hand, the basic idea of building the block of flats is to create community between apartment residents, so dwelling flat is more comfortable for the extravert people. Moreover, the community residing the block of flats is an important factor of supporting the dwelling space of each family, as there are created specific public services like housing offices to maintain the whole building and particularly every flat of it. In contrast, the private house is more sophisticated to maintain because of only individual support opportunity. However, the private house is more preferable owing to its ability to be enlarged, whereas apartment inside the block of flats is a fixed space, and this feature of flat can become an issue due to the dwelling space deficiency. In general, divergence in the atmosphere created by different types of residence refer to the identity issue according to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' theory of social assosiation (Tonnies, 1887).

 References:
1. Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. (Translated, 1957 by Charles Price Loomis as Community and Society, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.)
      

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Maria Pozniakova

In the 5th century B. C., two main political forces arose: Athens and Sparta. Both Athens and Sparta were equal in financial and military might, but at the same time those two polises differed in several ways. Athenian polis was the most important centre of democracy in ancient world; the population of this polis formed a special civil community that payed a lot of attention to market relations; Athens are also famous for the special system of civic education, the base of the whole political organization of the polis. In contrast, Spartians didn't pay any special attention to education, as the member of this polis was regarded firstly as a soldier and only then as a citizen. Just as in Athens, Spartians formed a special civic community, but market relationships were totally unacceptable here; this community was to preserve tradions of archaic equality of citizens. Speaking of political system, Sparta is probably the most famous ancient oligarchical polis. The confrontation between Sparta and Athens, as a result of all these factors, created  great political tension in the region in the 5th century B. C.  

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Valentyn Degtyar

Social movements differ  by their audience, issues they promote and the way this is performed. A particularly important distinguishment is the one between the so called old social movements and the new social movements. Firstly, audience difference should be considered. The old social movements are advocacy networks and civic mobilization structures that focus on protecting and advancing wellfare for the definite social groups - the working class, peasants, ethnic or religious communities. The new social movements are more issue-centered, rather than audience-centered. They promote ideas and policy orientations that go beyond, but are not separate from stratifications of class or ethnicity. Secondly, the distinction between the old and the new social movements becomes evidently sharp when the issue framing is considered. Issues of the old social movements are labor rights, protection from layoffs, issues of land and capital control, nationalism, religious rights. New social movements promote and mobilize around such issues as environment, feminism, civil rights, freedom of speech, free software and creative commons information, anti-war and global justice, LGBT rights and more. The first set of issues in terms of framing is more often related to the demands of redistribution. Conversely, the second set of issues is more often framed with recognition as major demand. Thirdly, there is the difference in repertoire of social movement tactics. Old social movements usually have more possibilities to initiate a strike or national campaign, whereas the new social movements have to be more creative, therefore  they often invent new methods of action involving indirect sabotage or symbolic action for the promotion of their issue.

Donatella Della Porta, Mario Diani. 2006. Social Movements: an Introduction