Classification Paragraph. Odnosum Victoria

Images of the dragons in the churches of Kievan Rus can be found in the cathedral of Saint Boris and Saint Glib in Chernihiv, in the Assumption Cathedral in Krylos, Halych region, and in the Cathedral of Saint George in Yuryev-Polsky, that now is Russian city in Vladimir region. Accordingly to their geographical positions these images belong to three different schools of stone carving: Chernihiv, Halych and Vladimir-Suzdal. All of three have one similarity that is the picture of a vegetative ornament which is concerned to be a remainder of pagan times. But all the images of dragons can be distinguished by the representation and the significance. The first dragon in Chernihiv is depicted with a dog’s head as a blazon of Chernihiv knyaz family[1]. The second one has a head of a crocodile and was destined to protect the Assumption Cathedral[2]. And the last one with the wolf’s head was demonized, that is why it was symbolizing heterodox enemy[3].  

To sum up, the image of dragon in the churches of Kievan Rus were depicted in different ways and had different meanings according to the schools

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[1] Vagner G. The sculpture of Ancient Rus. XII c. Vladimir. Boholubovo. – Moscow: Art, 1969. – p. 276.

 Bohusevych V. The image of simargl in the art of Ancient Rus. – Archeology. – V. XII. – Kyiv, 1961.- p. 82 – 83.

[2] Vuycik V. New memorial of white-stone carving in Ancient Rus. - http://www.icon-art.info/book_contents.php?book_id=86

[3] Vagner G. Studying the relief of the Cathedral of Saint George in Yuryev-Polsky. – Soviet archeology. – 1960. - № 1. – p. 103.

                        

Classification paragraph. Oliinyk Kateryna

In the 20-ies of the past century there has begun an active scientific dialogue between Ukrainian and Russian artists on the formal method of the literary studies; the Kharkiv's magazine "Red Road" became a platform for their intentions. After a deep analysis of the opposed to a formalism articles it is to be stated that the critique was based against three main points of formalism:  the domination of ‘form’ over ‘content’, the idealistic approach to the issue, deviations from the dominant methodology. Firstly, the so-called ‘content-supporters’ accused formalists in their orientation in a formal factor of the text. According to Svetlana Matviyenko: "Formalists were always criticized for an ignorance of the context while the awareness of 'form' in its contextuality was one of the highlights in their theoretical movement" [2, p. 24]. At the same time the ‘content-supporters’ developed their conceptions in opposition to a ‘form’, giving priority to content. Secondly, the formalism was considered as an idealistic way of reasoning. For instance, Vladimir Hadzinsky states that the art is a "product of revolution" [1, c. 179]; in other words he believed that an art is purely utilitarian. Thirdly, the formalism as a new methodology in literary studies raised a question about the credibility of Marxism. Notoriously, the latter was promoted as the only possible method and the ‘end’ for a Soviet literature. Therefore, we assume that the formalism in Ukraine, and on the pages of the "Red way" in particular, was perceived in a quite critical manner for its strict ‘form-and-content’ opposition, idealistic approach to a ‘accepted’ method, and, not least, for its contradistinction to the Marxism.

References:

1.                          Hadzinsky V. A Few Words to the Question of "Form and Content" / V. Hadzinskyy / / Red way. - 1923. - № 4-5. - P. 174-179.

2.                          Matvienko S. A Discourse of a Formalism: the Ukrainian Context / S. Matvienko. - Lviv: Litopys, 2004. - 142 p.

Classification Paragraph. Mogilnyy Roman

Public relations, as a science, consists of 5 categories, such as: financial public relations, consumer public relations, crisis communication, internal communications, and government relations. The first one deals with communicating financial results and business strategy. On the other hand the second one consists of gaining publicity for a particular product. The third one’s aim is responding in a crisis. The fourth works with communication within the company itself. And the last one engages the government departments to influence public policy.

Classification Paragraph. Shapran Yana

Rock music is a genre of popular music and this  genre encompasses many distinct styles such as electronic rock, heavy metal, folk-rock, glam rock, punk rock and alternative rock.  The first type of rock music is electronic rock, which contains elements of computer-generated or synthesized instruments, including drum machines and electronic guitars, in addition to some of the elements from the original movement. The second type is heavy metal, which focuses less on melody and more on heavy guitars. Third type  called folk-rock, on the other hand, typically uses a much more acoustic sound with instruments like banjos and harmonicas. Fourth type, which is punk rock, tends to be more aggressive and  dynamic. Fifth type is glam rock, tends to be more theatrical in contrast to punk rock.  The last but not least type of rock music is alternative rock. Alternative rock is a fusion of punk rock and hip hop, and remains the youngest type of rock. This classification contains  the main types of rock music out of numerous variations.

Classification Paragraph. Domashchenko Mariia

Types of Music Listeners

Chan and Goldthorpe (2010) proposed the division of music listeners into 3 main categories, according to the ways people consume cultural products. Those who belong to the first type are called ‘univores’, which means that they listen only to certain low-brow music, such as pop and rock. On the contrary, the second type, ‘omnivores’, prefer different high-brow genres of music: they listen to operas, classical music, jazz, as well as pop and rock. In addition to this basic division, authors claim that music listeners can be categorised into ‘univore-listeners’, that is those who only listen to music without attending concerts and other musical events.

References: Chan, T. W., & Goldthorpe, J. (2010). Social Stratification of Cultural in Three Domains: Music; Theatre, Dance and Cinema; and the Visual Arts . В T. W. Chan, Social Status and Cultural Consumption (стр. 204-231). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Classification Paragraph. Maria Pozniakova

Ancient Greek tragedies often contain allusions to political life of Ancient Athens in 5th century B. C. These allusions fall into three categories: reminiscenses on real political events inside the polis, international affairs, and what one might call propaganda. The first category contains reminiscences about the real events that took place within the inner politics of the polis: gradual democratization of the polis, mentions about demos and its critics, main reforms, course of the real political life and the concept of the 'ideal life', and allusions to the political leaders of the time. The second category includes mentions about the foreign policy of Athens. Praises of Athenian greatness and strength of this polis, as well as representation of the relations between polises belong to these reminiscenses. Athenian political  propaganda is the third category; those mentions refer rather to emotions and patriotical feelings of the citizens of the polis than to the actual political conditions. The main mentions within this category are about the glorification of Athenian military power and its state organization. Mythical events, the basis of Ancient Greek tragedy, are skilfully interweaved in tragedies with numerous implications of the recent political events as well as propaganda. 

Classification Paragraph. Musina Valentyna

            Initially nation is a vital part of every stable state creation. According to the generalized definition, nation is a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, and language, inhabiting a particular country or territory (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013). Therefore, the main feature that makes nation so significant is the creation of collective connection atmosphere among the citizens residing in a particular state. Nevertheless, among the nation researchers a huge discussion retains concerning the origin of the nation emergence; consequently, the nation study can be divided into two polar approaches: primordialism and constructivist theory. The first of these states that national feeling is given for a person a priori, by nature; in fact, nation is demonstrated as individual biological phenomenon. On the contrary, constructivism rejects the natural comprehension of nation and asserts that nation is built artificially by the state leaders and/or cultural activists. To this day, the discussion of nation origins appears to be the most irreconcilable in the national studies.      

References: 

1.      1. Oxford Dictionaries (2013). Oxford University Press. http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/nation

 

1.

Classification Paragraph. Nedoboi Sergii. Draft 1.

BRAND CLASSIFICATION

A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. [1]

Experts in the field of marketing distinguish such criteria to classify a brand: by subject orientation, by territory, by sphere of usage, by belonging, by hierarchy in a structure. The largest group of brand forms is included in “orientation by subject” criteria. It consists of such brand forms: product brand, service brand, organizational brand, event brand, personal brand, and geographical brand.

Product brand is the first type of brand appeared in the market. This is the basic branding core which clearly prevails in number over the other types of brand and usually consumers recall it first. Example: Nestle.

Service brand is a feature that identifies an intangible service. Intangible services are much harder to present in an attractive way because it is impossible to touch it or to see it. Example: FedEx.

Organizational brand is a brand of corporation, non-profit organization, political party, educational institutions. Example: IPRA.

Event brand is occasionally going events, usually in the world of sports, entertainment or arts. Example: Olympic Games.

Personal brand is a brand of celebrity which extends much further than the scope of their activity. Example: Michael Jordan.

Geographical brand is a brand of a city, country, and resort. This kind of brand is becoming especially popular in tourism and events. Example: Cannes.  

There are many different approaches to classify brands. Moreover, a consumption society is growing and this growth demands new ideas in branding.

Reference:

11.      The MASB Common Language Project - http://www.themasb.org/common-language-project/

Classification Paragraph. Ivanna Voitsekhovcyh

There are three main variants of the Ukrainian language abroad. The first one is Western type. It concerns Ukrainian spread in Western Europe, Canada and the USA. The second type is called Eastern Ukrainian. It is spoken in the post-soviet countries like Russia, Belorussia, Kazakhstan, etc. And the third one is so called “Near Western” variant of Ukrainian. It is used in the Czech Republic, Poland, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These types are distinguished according to the territory of existence. 

Classification Paragraph. Iryna Nikolaichuk

The narrative voice is the name for the group of narrative techniques which illustrate the special manners of storytelling in literature; and all the types of narrative voices can be divided into four groups: stream-of-consciousness voice, character voice, epistolary voice, and third-person voice. The most specific type of narrative voice is stream-of-consciousness one that was explicated especially by modernistic type of literary writing and gives the (almost always first-person) narrator’s perspective through reproduction of the thought processes (as opposed to simply spoken words) of the fictional character. Another type is character voice that is used more widely than the one mentioned previously and represents the text as a result of narration done by one of the fictional characters. One more type of narrative voice is epistolary voice that describes the plot through the series of letters or other documents, for example, diaries written by fictional characters. And the last type of narrative voice can be represented as third-person voice, and this name describes the group of narrative techniques referring to the category of the third-person view (it can be subjective, when the plot is represented through reflections of one of the fictional characters; or objective, when the author appears in a role of the narrator). To sum up, the narrative voice is one of the main components of the mode of narration, and it provides the whole complex of stylistic, grammatical, and lexical features, which are determining elements of the narrative style.
Source: bachelor paper "Narrative technique of 'stream of concsiousness' in British literature of modernism: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf" by Iryna Nikolaichuk; tutor - Rostyslav Semkiv. - Kyiv, 2012. - 100 p.

Classification Paragraph. Synytsia, Maya

Sir Francis Bacon distinguishes among three types of scientific approaches and illustrates his point with the famous metaphor of the spider, the ant, and the bee. The spider symbolizes the tendency of  ‘the men of dogmas’ to draw conclusions by thought alone and ignore the facts, like spiders spin their webs from within themselves. This approach can lead to false conclusions. The ant symbolizes the tendency of ‘the men of experiment’ to accumulate bare facts, like ants collect material without producing it. This approach prevents the researcher from understanding the subject. The bee symbolizes the method that combines the previous two, retaining their advantages, but overcoming the drawbacks. According to Bacon, the latter is the only desirable approach.

References:
Kenneth Shouler, Ph.D. Bacon's Goal: The Reconstruction of All Knowledge

Classification Paragraph. Arseniy Fedosiuk, group A2

While there is little scholarly agreement concerning the classification of racism, modern intellectual community have provided a concept based on which there can be distinguished three main types of racism. The first type can be defined as institutional or structural racism which covers a wide range of racial discrimination held by different social institutions such as governments, corporations, educational institutions etc. In other words racial discrimination should be outgoing from large organizations that have enough power and leverages to influence the lives of social groups as well as individuals. The second one is scientific racism, which can be referred not to the racial discrimination, as to the scientific theory that believes humanity can be characterized by race with certain physical and intellectual traits. Such differentiation, according to this type, determines the hierarchy of races, but only in biological connotation. The most common type can be classified as internal racism and can be defined as racism-related views, practices and actions that spread among separate individuals and usually with no actual ground.

References: 

"Racism" in R. Schaefer. 2008 Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society.