Сomparison and Contrast Paragraph. Musina Valentyna

According to the people’s basic need in the safe place of residence, during the civilization progress humanity created a huge range of different types of dwelling; meanwhile, on the modern stage the most popular among them became the block of flats and, on the other hand, the private house. Nevertheless, nowadays the choice between these comfort zones is a cornerstone for a plenty of families. For one thing, unlike the block of flats, the private house creates isolated environment by constructing fences from public space. On the other hand, the basic idea of building the block of flats is to create community between apartment residents, so dwelling flat is more comfortable for the extravert people. Moreover, the community residing the block of flats is an important factor of supporting the dwelling space of each family, as there are created specific public services like housing offices to maintain the whole building and particularly every flat of it. In contrast, the private house is more sophisticated to maintain because of only individual support opportunity. However, the private house is more preferable owing to its ability to be enlarged, whereas apartment inside the block of flats is a fixed space, and this feature of flat can become an issue due to the dwelling space deficiency. In general, divergence in the atmosphere created by different types of residence refer to the identity issue according to sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' theory of social assosiation (Tonnies, 1887).

 References:
1. Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. (Translated, 1957 by Charles Price Loomis as Community and Society, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.)
      

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Maria Pozniakova

In the 5th century B. C., two main political forces arose: Athens and Sparta. Both Athens and Sparta were equal in financial and military might, but at the same time those two polises differed in several ways. Athenian polis was the most important centre of democracy in ancient world; the population of this polis formed a special civil community that payed a lot of attention to market relations; Athens are also famous for the special system of civic education, the base of the whole political organization of the polis. In contrast, Spartians didn't pay any special attention to education, as the member of this polis was regarded firstly as a soldier and only then as a citizen. Just as in Athens, Spartians formed a special civic community, but market relationships were totally unacceptable here; this community was to preserve tradions of archaic equality of citizens. Speaking of political system, Sparta is probably the most famous ancient oligarchical polis. The confrontation between Sparta and Athens, as a result of all these factors, created  great political tension in the region in the 5th century B. C.  

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Valentyn Degtyar

Social movements differ  by their audience, issues they promote and the way this is performed. A particularly important distinguishment is the one between the so called old social movements and the new social movements. Firstly, audience difference should be considered. The old social movements are advocacy networks and civic mobilization structures that focus on protecting and advancing wellfare for the definite social groups - the working class, peasants, ethnic or religious communities. The new social movements are more issue-centered, rather than audience-centered. They promote ideas and policy orientations that go beyond, but are not separate from stratifications of class or ethnicity. Secondly, the distinction between the old and the new social movements becomes evidently sharp when the issue framing is considered. Issues of the old social movements are labor rights, protection from layoffs, issues of land and capital control, nationalism, religious rights. New social movements promote and mobilize around such issues as environment, feminism, civil rights, freedom of speech, free software and creative commons information, anti-war and global justice, LGBT rights and more. The first set of issues in terms of framing is more often related to the demands of redistribution. Conversely, the second set of issues is more often framed with recognition as major demand. Thirdly, there is the difference in repertoire of social movement tactics. Old social movements usually have more possibilities to initiate a strike or national campaign, whereas the new social movements have to be more creative, therefore  they often invent new methods of action involving indirect sabotage or symbolic action for the promotion of their issue.

Donatella Della Porta, Mario Diani. 2006. Social Movements: an Introduction

Classification Paragraph. Valentyn Degtyar

Social movements can be classified by a host of criteria such as their radicalism, scale of change they promote, partisans, targets, issues and range of operation.  All social movements can be divided into radical and reformist, besides some are state-oriented while others are culturalist or community-oriented.

Comparison-Contrast Paragraph. Victoria Odnosum

People always tried to make their lives more comfortable and perfect. That is why modeling a new type of an ideal calendar became the sphere of peoples’ attention for more than one century. Therefore it would be quite interesting to compare the Gregorian calendar, which is used by a huge part of the world now, and the project of an international 13-months calendar, that was designed by Economical and Social Council of UNO. The first one has 12 months that contain different quantity of days from 28 to 31. The Gregorian average year has 365 days consequently in order to equalize it with the tropical year, which is little bit longer than 365 days, a leap year was introduced. As a result the Gregorian calendar has a big amount of disadvantages as different quantity of working days per month that vary from 19 to 23. Also years and months begin at different days of a week, the first half-year is always longer than the second. In contrast, UNO project offers a calendar with 13 months and 28 days per month which equals to 364 days per year. Therefore it was proposed to add 1 day to each year and 2 days to each leap year. These additional days were considered to become international holidays of peace and friendship of nations. Though the international calendar managed to cope with all disadvantages of the Gregorian calendar, it has its own gaps. For example, such year cannot be divided in equal half-years and quarters. Moreover, 13-months calendar cause a problem in computing different historical dates. Consequently this calendar was not provided, but that does not mean that people refuse the idea to create a perfect calendar.

Seleshnikov S. The history of a calendar and chronology. – Moscow: Science, 1970. – 224 p.

Comparison and COntrast. Olga Belopolska

No doubt that women had specific functions both in Final Paleolithic (14 - 10 ka BP) and Mesolithic (8 – 6 ka BC) periods. Although the common main women responsibilities still were up-bringing children, preparing food and making clothes, the researches admit obvious changes. As Final Paleolithic women mostly sat in their lodging watching fire and preparing food, their winter lifestyle was rather calm and passive. In contrast, the whole winter Mesolithic women changed their camp; they had to gather portative lodging and all the equipment to move to their husbands who hunted some animals to eat. Women carried the luggage themselves on special sledges.  The second main difference is connected with women’s responsibilities in their community. When Final Paleolithic women had only to dress the deer meat during the season reindeer hunting (provided by men), Mesolithic women started to provide food to the community themselves: they gathered berries, nut, and eggs of wild birds. Comparing the two Stone Age periods and taking into account all mentioned above, we can stay that if some primarily women function were the same both in Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic, their social function in the community became more active and acquired some new productive features.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Iryna Nikolaichuk

Narrative Techniques of Psychologization: Interior Monologue vs. Stream of Consciousness 

Outline

Point-by-point style

- General function in the text

interior monologue/stream of consciousness

- Lexical and syntactical features

interior monologue/stream of consciousness

- The main message

interior monologue/stream of consciousness

In literary and comparative studies throughout all history of their changing and developing much attention is paid to different narrative techniques, especially to features of explication of psychology in literary writing. Sometimes literary criticism faces facts of inappropriate usage of some terms and concepts up to mixing up their meanings. For example, there is still a tendency of estimating terms ‘interior monologue’ and ‘stream of consciousness’ as two different names for the one narrative technique, and this misunderstanding makes a serious problem for researchers. Interior monologue and stream of consciousness as actually two different concepts, however, have a number of similarities and differences in their functions in the text as narrative techniques, lexical and syntactical features of their implication in literary writing, and the message they provide. It is true that interior monologue and stream of consciousness are similar when speaking about how they are functioning in the text – both interior monologue and stream of consciousness are narrative techniques whose main aim in literary writing is to describe a personality of a fictional character. But interior monologue is a kind of third-person narration, whereas stream of consciousness almost always presents first-person type of narration. Like interior monologue, stream of consciousness provides special lexical and syntactical features when is implicated in the text. On the other hand, interior monologue implicates with usual syntax forms and almost excludes lexical innovations, but stream of consciousness always uses unstructured and disordered forms of syntax (or ignores syntax rules at all) and very often has unusual (sometimes even invented by author) words or lexical forms. Speaking about the main messages that are provided by these two narrative techniques, although both interior monologue and stream of consciousness aim to demonstrate thoughts and emotions of fictional characters, they completely differ in meaning. Interior monologue is a form of communication between fictional characters; however, stream of consciousness is non-communicative at all – it only represents chaotic, illogical flow of one’s mind. To sum up, interior monologue and stream of consciousness are both narrative techniques which are using in literary writing to make it more psychologically expressive, but there is no possibility to consider these two terms as the same concept.

Source: bachelor paper "Narrative technique of 'stream of concsiousness' in British literature of modernism: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf" by Iryna Nikolaichuk; tutor - Rostyslav Semkiv. - Kyiv, 2012. - 100 p.

Olena Bychkovska

Classification Paragraph

HIV TYPES

Although AIDS is a disease without cure and researchers still argue about its exact natural history and causes, it is widely accepted to distinguish between two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which are plainly called HIV type 1 (HIV -1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). The first type, HIV-1 is predominant and usually is being referred to when speaking about HIV. Most scientists believe that HIV-1 can be classified into a major group (Group M) and a few minor groups, each of which can also be divided into subgroups. All of the groups represent different kinds of transmission [1]. The other type, HIV-2 has not been commonly discovered outside of Africa. In 2010, 8 groups of this virus were recognized, only two of which are epidemic (Group A and B). Group B is mainly found in West Africa, while Group A is also spread to other countries such as India, Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, and rarely can be seen in Europe or the United States of America. Probably HIV-2 is not as easily transmittable as HIV-1 and has a longer time period between the infection and illness itself (AIDS). Recognition of these two types provides the world’s medical community with more sufficient understanding of the human immunodeficiency virus and the disease its causes [2; 3].

List of References:

1. HIV Types, Groups and Subtypes. - Official web-site of AVERT. - Available from: <http://www.avert.org/hiv-types.htm> - Title from the screen.
2. Sharp P. M., Hahn B. H. Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic [Electronic resource] / P. M. Sharp, B. H. Hahn. - Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. - 2011. - Vol. 1, Iss. 1. -  Available from:  <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229120>
3. McNeil D. G. Jr. Precursor to HIV Was in Monkeys for Millennia [Electronic resource] / D. G. Jr. McNeil  -  New York Times, 2010. - Available from: <http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2009/08/03/hiv-africa.html>

Contrast and Comparison Paragraph

 

HIV vs. AIDS

HIV and AIDS are broadly discussed in the global society; however, people often confuse these two absolutely different terms and the phenomena that those terms represent. HIV, which can be understood as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that infects a human being. A person can be infected (HIV-positive) if her or his organism starts to produce antibodies, or not infected with HIV (HIV-negative), if no antibodies are detected. Nevertheless, if the person is infected, the HIV can have a long incubation period, which means that it would not manifest itself through symptoms in any way that the diseases manifest themselves. The cure for HIV had not yet been found [1]. Unlike HIV, AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is not a virus, but rather a medical condition, a syndrome, a definition to describe the diseases and its symptoms that are associated with HIV’s immune system oppression. People are not infected with AIDS; nevertheless, they develop supporting diseases since their HIV-infected body’s immune system is weak and not capable of opposing those diseases. Just as HIV, AIDS is not curable yet; nonetheless, are many scientists are working on HIV/AIDS cure worldwide [2]. Therefore, understanding even the basic differences between HIV and AIDS is not only an ethical and common knowledge issue, but also one of personal security and well-being. 

List of References:

1. What is HIV? - Official web-site of AIDS.gov. - Available from: < http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/what-is-hiv-aids/>. - Title from the screen.
2. What is AIDS? - Official web-site of AVERT. - Available from: < http://www.avert.org/aids.htm> - Title from the screen.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph. Evseeva Evgenia

Football: Italy vs. Spain

 

Football culture of any country reflects a diversity of its national features. As shown in Fig.1, football is the most popular sport in Spain and Italy, and for the majority of the representatives of the male population of these southern countries it is more precious than any other sport and religion. Teams of Italy and Spain are regular members of semifinal stage in the Champions League of Europe and are considered to be the strongest competitors. In addition to the excellent team play, Italians and Spaniards can be proud of their own football fan culture. It should be taken into account that the formation of football fan culture in Spain and in Italy was largely influenced by political and socio-economic factors in these countries. Despite these similar features, a few differences between the two countries considering the football culture can be observed. First of all, residents of Spain can be called a sport nation, as they are not used to sitting at home and do not accept a steady and static way of life, which is why they appreciate playing sports games, especially football. On the contrary, in Italy, the majorities of football fans prefer to watch and discuss football with friends rather than play it themselves. Secondly, in Italy, the promotion and the active development of football culture was influenced by fascism, while in Spain the football formation had undergone the detachment from the rest of the world for a very long time as a result of the dictatorship regime.  And the most striking difference between the countries concerns the game management. The Spanish football game is based primarily on technique, whereas the focus of the game in Italy is on tactics. While the football in Spain can be considered from the perspective of aesthetics, the sacred goal of the game in Italy has always been a victory gained at all costs.

Goldblatt, David .The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer. Penguin, 2007. Print.

Classification paragraph. Nedoboi Sergii. Draft 2.

BRAND CLASSIFICATION

Experts in the field of marketing distinguish such brand forms: product brand, service brand, organizational brand, event brand, personal brand, and geographical brand. The first type clearly prevails in number over the other types of brand and usually consumers recall it first (Nestle). The second feature identifies an intangible service, which is much harder to present in an attractive way because it is impossible to touch it or to see it (FedEx). The third form is a brand of corporation, non-profit organization, political party, educational institutions (IPRA). Occasionally going sport, entertainment or art events are the next group (Olympic Games). The fifth form is a brand of celebrity which extends much further than the scope of their activity (Michael Jordan). The last but not least is a brand of a city, country, and resort (Cannes). There are many different approaches to classify brands. Moreover, a consumption society is growing and this growth demands new ideas in branding. 

Classification paragraph. Olha Vynohradova

Remains of the earliest Homo sapiens were found in 1868 in France in the cave Cro-Magnon. The earliest Homo sapiens had features of modern humans and archaic ones. According to their remains they could be distinguished into three types that differ by place and time of founding, and their interpretation.The first one is Grimaldi type with wide face, broad nose, massive mandible, and short stature. This type is considered as contemporary and belongs to the Negroid race. The second is Brunn type that has similarities in morphology with Neanderthals, especially in developed superciliary relief, and deemed as the one of the anthropological type of European race. Finally, African type is allocated and characterized as modern Bushman with their long and wide cranium and broad nose (Sytnyk 110-111).This classification, based on remains of the earliest Homo sapiens, is essential for researches in the field of human variability that is connected with human races and does not involve with negative connotations of word ‘race’. However, after racism had emerged, any study of human races became unwanted even in scientific community.

References:
Sytnyk, Olexandr. Cultural anthropology: human and society origins. Lviv: Lviv polytechnic press, 2012. Print.

Classification Paragraph. Maria Levonova

The term “modern art” evokes a variety of questions concerning its meaning among people of this epoch. Jaison Cianelli# offers distinguishing classifications of art of the last century between “modern,” “abstract,” and “contemporary”. The first classifying category includes works of artist who presented new ways of seeing, used methods which were unknown before. This movement began with works of Claude Monet in 1870 and other Impressionists and ended in late 1960-th when post-modern appeared as a new term. Another term for defining art of 20th century is “abstract art” which provides a departure from reality and was first presented by Pablo Picasso’s cubism innovation in early 1900th. This category is not defining a historical period and consequently can be used addressing art-works of nowadays. The last way to indicate art movements of today’s world is to call them “contemporary”. Such an approach of classifying artworks comprises all creations made in current moment of our living regardless to the style. The position one chooses to address art of the last century from should be strictly dependent on basic understanding of differences between categories mentioned.

Jaison Cianelli. Contemporary Paintings, Modern Art, and Abstract Art - What's the Difference?
http://searchwarp.com/swa551445-Contemporary-Paintings-Modern-Art-And-Abstract-Art-Whats-The-Difference.htm